Božanov was founded, like most of the villages in the Broumov region, during the Benedictine colonization of the area. The village is said to have been founded in 1253 by a locator named Berthold, from whom it got its name. Gradually, the German name of the village became Barzdorf. In 1384 there was to be an independent parish in Božanov. In 1784 the settlement of Studená Voda (Kaltwasser) was founded in the neighbourhood.
Božanov has always been a predominantly agricultural village, and it must be said that it has been relatively successful – natural conditions favoured the local farmers. With the onset of the Industrial Revolution, however, the remote Božanov began to stagnate. In 1872-1875, several families from Božanov made their way across the ocean to South America, where a group of Broumov natives founded Nový Broumov in Chile.
After the post-war expulsion of the German population, the village was populated mainly by Czech immigrants from the interior. However, it did not reach its pre-war population numbers and some of the original buildings have disappeared.
The dominant feature of Božanov is the church of St. Mary Magdalene, originally dedicated to St. Bartholomew, which may have stood here since the beginnings of the village. At the beginning of the 18th century, Božanov saw the construction of a magnificent Baroque sanctuary, which is still the pearl of the village today. The Božanov church belongs to the so-called Broumov Baroque churches of Dientzenhofer. Its construction development is quite complex and took place in several stages.
In the first phase, in 1708-1709, the tower and the presbytery were built (or rebuilt), while the rest of the church remained wooden. The architect of these alterations is unknown. The second phase of reconstruction, concerning the main part of the church, took place between 1733 and 1738. According to experts, Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer was most likely behind the design. The core of the new church was a large central circular space, arched by a brick dome with eight lunettes. The presbytery is continuously connected to the original tower.
The Vamberická pilgrimage route led through the upper end of Božanov. Pilgrims descended from the ridge of the Broumov Walls and continued via Studena Voda and Radków to Vamberice.